A Brief Universal History of Democracy
The common belief that democracy is a Western invention, a "late bloom" that emerged in the gardens of ancient Greece and only fully flourished in the Enlightenment, is a reductive simplification that obscures a much richer and more nuanced historical reality. History, illuminated by the contributions of archaeology, anthropology, and sociology, reveals that citizen participation in governance – the very heart of democracy – is an ancient human construct, present on several continents for at least five millennia. The West did not invent democracy; it inherited, transformed, and disseminated it on an unparalleled scale, particularly thanks to the Enlightenment. The Ancient Origins of Citizen Participation To assert the Western uniqueness of democracy is to ignore a plethora of participatory governance forms, often predating Athenian democracy. These systems, diverse in their mechanisms and cultural frameworks, share an essential common point: the integration of community membe...